Toddler Growth and Development of Pregnant Women Covid-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2393Keywords:
Toddlers, COVID-19, Pregnant Women, Development, and GrowthAbstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 or also known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by a virus. This virus can affect the elderly, adults, children, infants and pregnant women, including breastfeeding mothers. Pregnant women as one of the vulnerable groups are at risk of viral infection because during pregnancy, the body physiologically and has the potential to affect organogenesis and fetal development. Direct exposure from the fetus to the mother's immune response from the mother due to infection during pregnancy may have the potential to impaired the growth and development of toddlers.
Objective: This study aims to analyze the differences in the growth and development of toddlers from pregnant women infected with COVID-19 and those who are not infected with COVID-19. Methods: This study used a case control design , which was by comparing the case group and the control group with a sample of 148 consisting of 74 toddlers from pregnant women infected with COVID-19 and 74 toddlers from pregnant women who were not infected with COVID-19. The growth of toddlers was obtained by measuring weight and height in the growth and development graph using a developmental pre-screening questionnaire instrument (KPSP). Data analysis uses the Chi-Square and Mann Whitney tests.
Results: In the growth of toddlers from the results analyzed from the two groups based on the weight of toddlers using the minimum weight gain value (KBM) with a p-value of 0.010 (p<0.05) means that there is a significant difference between the two groups, while the growth of toddlers based on height with a p-value of 0.337 (p>0.05) means that there is no significant difference between the two groups. In the development of toddlers from the results of statistical tests, the p-value of 0.282 (p>0.05) means that there is no significant difference between the two groups
Conclusion: Toddlers born to pregnant women infected with COVID-19 can affect the weight of toddlers but have no effect on the height and development of toddlers
Downloads
Metrics
References
R. M. L. Diah Winatasari, "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND THE QUALITY OF ANTENATAL SERVICES DURING THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH NO. 320 OF 2020 CONCERNING MIDWIFERY PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS," vol. 8, no. 320, pp. 51–57, 2020.
N. Febriana and A. Tasy, "The Effect of Health Officials on the Level of Knowledge of Pregnant Women about COVID-19 Prevention Ahead of Inpartus," vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 46–51, 2023.
R. Aprianti, O. Suwarsa, and A. Deborah, "Acceptability of COVID-19 Vaccine in Pregnant Women With," A. Health. Tambusai, vol. 4, no. 2774–5848, pp. 2696–2707, 2023.
Y. Hermayanti et al., "Efforts to Prevent COVID-19 in Pregnant Women and Wus Through Counseling Carried Out with the Yanti Hermayanti Group Whatsapp Application: Efforts to Prevent COVID-19 in Pregnant Women and WUS Introduction to Corona Virus 19 (COVID-19) has become a world discussion, not ter," Media Karya Kesehat., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 154–165, 2021.
N. W. A. N. Darmawan, I. G. N. M. Bayuningrat, and N. P. D. Witari, "The Relationship between Age, Gestational Age, Leukocyte Levels, and Parity with the Severity of COVID-19 Symptoms in Pregnant Women at the Sanjiwani Gianyar Regional General Hospital in 2020-2021," Aesculapius Med. J., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 277–283, 2023.
S. Istiana and E. Kusumawati, "The Effect of COVID-19 Incidence on Pregnancy (Case Study at KRMT Wongsonegoro Hospital)," Ahmar Metastasis Heal. J., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 87–93, 2022, doi: 10.53770/amhj.v2i2.123.
S. S. Rumfabe, H. Y, and P. M.D.A, "The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Pregnancy from December 2019 to August 2020 through a Literature Review," Wal'afiat Hosp. J., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 14–22, 2020, doi: 10.33096/whj.v1i2.45.
C. Carla Bangsawan, "COVID-19 and Its Impact on Pregnancy," J. Jambi Health, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 15–22, 2022.
S. A. G. Naidu et al., "COVID-19 during Pregnancy and Postpartum:: I) Pathobiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) at Maternal-Fetal Interface," J. Diet. Suppl., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 115–142, 2022, doi: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1834049.
A. Setyawan, F. A. Purnomo, J. A. Firdaus, and A. Nugraheni, "Socialization of Knowledge Improvement of Pregnant Women and Toddlers in Independent Monitoring in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ngesrep Village, Semarang," Semin. Nas. Service. Kpd. Masy. UNDIP 2020Pp. 549–554, 2020, [Online]. Available: http://www.proceedings.undip.ac.id/index.php/semnasppm2019/article/viewFile/395/250
Y. M. br B. Mestiana Br. Karo, Jagentar P Pane, "Overview of the Growth of Toddlers Based on Anthropometric Standards at the Tigabinanga Health Center in 2023," J. Horizons Ilm., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 571–586, 2023.
A. Hodijah, I. Aisyah, and A. Puspanditaning, "The Relationship between Maternal Health Status During Pregnancy and the Incidence of Low Birth Weight (BBLR)," J. Florence Nightingale Nursing, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 27–35, 2024, doi: 10.52774/jkfn.v7i1.130.
I. E. Martantya Eny Widyantika, Yessy Nur Endah Sary, "DIFFERENCES IN GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT WITH MALNUTRITION STATUS AND NORMAL NUTRITION IN 24-MONTH-OLD TODDLERS IN THE WORKING AREA OF THE BADES HEALTH CENTER," J. Ilm. Obstetrics and Gynecology., vol. 15, pp. 324–330, 2023.
P. I. Pratiwi, N. K. Sulyastini, and A. T. Astuti, "Optimizing the Role of Parents in Monitoring the Growth, Development, and Stimulation of Toddlers during the COVID-19 Pandemic," J. Widya Laksana, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 306–317, 2022, doi: 10.23887/jwl.v11i2.45692.
E. Mafticha and W. Setyowati, "Growth Stimulation and Development of Infants and Toddlers," Pros. Semin. Nas.Pp. 287–291, 2019, [Online]. Available: http://ejournal.stikesmajapahit.ac.id/index.php/PSN/article/view/467
E. A. N. Wastnedge et al., "Pregnancy and COVID-19," Physiol. Rev.., vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 303–318, 2021, doi: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2020.
J. Qiao, "What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women?," Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10226, pp. 760–762, 2020, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30365-2.
R. D. Fransiska, D. Kusumaningtyas, and K. A. Gumanti, "Analysis of the Health Belief Model in COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Pregnant Women," A. Health. Vocational, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 11, 2022, doi: 10.22146/jkesvo.67465.
I. D. Marsilia, N. Nurulicha, D. M. Fitri, Y. Nengsih, and E. M. Nurzanah, "Stimulation, Detection and Early Intervention of Child Growth and Development (SDIDTK) in Children Aged 54-72 Months at Cikal Cendikia Cileungsi Kindergarten, Bogor Regency," J. Kreat. Service. Kpd. Masy., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1236–1243, 2022, doi: 10.33024/jkpm.v5i4.5704.
G. Noor Djalilah, "Stunting in Children Under Three Years Old as Red Flags during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Pros. Webinar Fak. Dock. Univ. Muhammadiyah Surabaya, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2021.
Y. V. A. Dewi and M. Dyah, "Overview of the Effectiveness of Baby Spa on Motor Development (Smooth and Rough) and Infant Sleep Quality in Shabrina Care Kota," A. Health. Karya Husada, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 33–41, 2023.
Y. Andriani, V. Raraningrum, and R. D. Yunita, "Factors Related to the Development of Preschool Children in Nurul Husada Kalibaru Kindergarten, Banyuwangi," J. Ilm. Health. Rustida, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 611–618, 2019, doi: 10.55500/jikr.v6i1.69.
A. Ernawati, "The Relationship Between Age and Maternal Employment Status and the Incidence of Chronic Lack of Energy in Pregnant Women," J. Media R&D Inf. Research, Development. and Science and Technology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 27–37, 2018, doi: 10.33658/jl.v14i1.106.
S. Susilawati, "Characteristics of mothers under five in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers," J. Midwifery, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 143, 2020, doi: 10.26714/jk.9.2.2020.143-152.
Hiddayaturrahmi, Rosmawaty, S. Nasitoh, Y. Handayani, and A. Lidra Maribeth, "Factors Affecting the Growth and Development of Children Aged 0-2 Years: A Literature Review," Sci. J., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 221–231, 2024, doi: 10.56260/sciena.v3i4.150.
N. I. Casando, A. A. Hapis, and C. Wuni, "The Relationship between Maternal Education, Knowledge, Attitudes and Parenting Patterns on Children's Nutritional Status," Jeep, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 2429–2432, 2022.
N. Indrayani and S. Khadijah, "The Relationship of Maternal Characteristics with the Growth and Development of Toddlers in the Golden Period of 12-60 Months Old," J. Indones Midwifery., vol. 11, no. 2, p. 37, 2020, doi: 10.36419/jkebin.v11i2.371.
P. Hastuti and A. Rofika, "The Relationship between Employment Status and Parenting Style on the Independence of Preschool Children Aged 4-6 Years at Miftahul Ulum Islamic Kindergarten, Tambakromo District, Pati Regency," A. Midwifery and Health Sciences. (Journal Midwifery Sci. Heal., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 140–148, 2019.
A. Santri, A. Idriansari, and B. M. Girsang, "FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS (AGE 1-3 YEARS) WITH HISTORY OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT Low birth weight infants (BBLR) usually have organ system functions that are immature so that they can experience the Journal of Science," A. Health Sciences. Masy., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 63–70, 2014.
D. Chen, Y. Huang, A. Swain, X. Yang, and J. Yu, "Analysis of trend and associated factors of neuropsychological development of infants and toddlers based on longitudinal data," Children, vol. 8, no. 10, 2021, doi: 10.3390/children8100866.
R. Rohsiswatmo and R. Amandito, "Optimizing the Growth of Premature and Post-Premature Infants in Indonesia; Referring to the Guidelines for Nutrition of Premature Infants at RSCM," Sari Pediatr., vol. 21, no. 4, p. 262, 2020, doi: 10.14238/sp21.4.2019.262-71.
K. Anwar, A. Salsabilla, and M. N. H. Syah, "The Relationship between the Frequency of Formula Feeding and the Use of Milk Bottle Size with the Nutritional Status of Infants Aged 0-24 Months at Puskesmas Merdeka, Bogor City," Amerta Nutr., vol. 7, no. 2 SP, pp. 92–99, 2023, doi: 10.20473/amnt.v7i2SP.2023.92-99.
A. K. Rini, "The Relationship between Maternal Education and Parity with the Development of Children Under 5-4 Years Old at PAUD Baitul Izzah, Bengkulu City," Interes. A. Health Sciences., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2017, doi: 10.37341/interest.v6i1.62.
S. Nawsherwan Khan et al., "Selected micronutrients: An option to boost immunity against COVID-19 and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women: A narrative review," Iran. J. Public Health, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2032–2043, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-919936
A. Akbar, "Clinical Symptoms of Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Pregnant Women," J. Implementa Husada, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 172–180, 2020.
R. P. P. Beatriz Boger Msc a, Mariana M. Fachi Msc a, Raquel O. Vilhena PhD b, Alexandre F. Cobre MSc a, Fernanda S. Tonin PhD a, "Systematic review with meta-analysis of the accuracy of diagnostic tests for COVID-19," no. January, 2020.
L. Mulyana and E. Farida, "Indonesian Journal of Public Health and Nutrition," Indones. J. Public Heal. Nutr., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 36–42, 2022, [Online]. Available: http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/IJPHN
Reza Rizqita Maulana Hidayat, R. Indiastuti, and O. Haribudiman, "Scoping Review: The Impact of COVID-19 on Pregnant Women," Bandung Conf. Ser. Med. Sci., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 245–254, 2022, doi: 10.29313/bcsms.v2i1.645.
J. S. Herlina Hinonaung, D. D. Pramardika, A. J. Mahihody, G. A. Wuaten, and E. J. Manoppo, "A Review of the COVID-19 Literature in Pregnant Women," J. Ilm. Indones Midwifery., vol. 11, no. 01, pp. 44–49, 2021, doi: 10.33221/jiki.v11i01.958.
S. Siregar and S. H. Ritonga, "The Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding and the Growth of Infant BB Age 0-6 Months in the Padang Matinggi Health Center Area," A. Health. Ilm. Indones., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 35–43, 2020.
A. Widiastuti and S. P. Winarso, "PMT Program and Growth Graph of Toddlers during the Covid Pandemic," J. Midwifery Science, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 30–35, 2021, doi: 10.31983/jsk.v3i1.6890.
H. I. Komalasari, esti Supriati, Riona Sanjaya, "Indonesian Health Magazine," J. Ilm. Imelda Midwifery, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 45–49, 2020.
R. Febrianti, Sri Wahyuni and D. Septalia Dale, "Growth in Height and Weight of Infants and Toddlers," J. Service. Kpd. Masy., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 15–20, 2019, [Online]. Available: http://journal.lldikti9.id/CER/index
M. Munanadia and E. Trihartiningsih, "Overview of the Growth and Development of Toddlers in Bereng Bengkel Village," Developer. Science and Practice. Health., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 154–165, 2023, doi: 10.56586/pipk.v2i3.262.
R. Ristanto, "EDUCATION ON HOW TO MEASURE WEIGHT AND HEIGHT IN MONITORING THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BABIES AND TODDLERS," J. Community Engagem. Employ., vol. 02, pp. 38–45, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/download/80623027/Energy_20Conflicts__20The_20role_20of_20scientific_20evidence.pdf
R. F. Adri, P. S. Redha, I. Setiana, and Y. Yosalli, "The Effect of Mother's Education Level on the Knowledge of Supplementary Feeding of Toddlers in Nagari Balingka," Tower of Knowledge, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 50–57, 2024, doi: 10.31869/mi.v18i2.4957.
[D. Buonsenso et al., "Short- and mid-term multidisciplinary outcomes of newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in utero or during the perinatal period: preliminary findings," Eur. J. Pediatr., vol. 181, no. 4, pp. 1507–1520, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s00431-021-04319-1.
T. Wu et al., "Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Late Pregnancy on Early Childhood Development: A Prospective Cohort Study," Front. Pediatrics., vol. 9, no. November, pp. 1–9, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.750012.
N. Damayanti and I. G. A. Sanjaya, "The Work of the Mabelopura Palu Health Center 2016," vol. 1, no. April, pp. 21–27, 2019.
E. Desra Yunita, Amir Luthfi, "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARLY STIMULATION AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN TODDLERS IN TANJUNG BERULAK VILLAGE, KAMPAR HEALTH CENTER WORK AREA IN 2019," A. Health. Tambusai, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 96–107, 2020, doi: 10.32668/jkep.v3i2.205.
D. B. Busu, K. M. Barat, and K. Pidie, "Mothers ' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Providing Nutritious Food Correlate with Toddlers ' Cognitive Development in Bale Busu Village, Mutiara Barat District, Pidie Regency," vol. 3, no. May, pp. 27–34, 2024.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
