From Fear to Fascination: Using Virtual Reality to Ameliorate Pain and Anxiety in Pediatric Vascular Access Practices during Hemodialysis. A Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2453Keywords:
virtual reality, pediatric, pain, anxiety, vascular access, hemodialysis, managementAbstract
Pediatric patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) frequently suffer considerable pain and anxiety during vascular access steps. Non-pharmacological tools, such as virtual reality (VR), have been illuminated as promising approaches to alleviate these negative experiences. This review presents recent research advances in understanding the power of VR in lowering pain and anxiety in pediatric HD patients. VR, a technology that immerses users in simulated environments, has been shown to successfully distract patients from painful procedures, thereby reducing pain perception and anxiety levels. Research have revealed that VR can obviously decrease pain intensity, anxiety, and better patient satisfaction during vascular access procedures. By providing immersive experiences, VR can redirect attention away from the painful stimulus, modifying the physiological and psychological reactions correlated with pain and anxiety. As VR technology remains to advance, its integration into pediatric HD care has the eventual to pointedly meliorate the quality of life for young patients submit to these procedures.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Reszke R, Kiliś-Pstrusińska K, Szepietowski JC. Chronic kidney disease-associated itch (CKD-aI) in children—a narrative review. Toxins. 2021 Jun 29;13(7):450.
Masalskienė J, Rudaitis Š, Vitkevič R, Čerkauskienė R, Dobilienė D, Jankauskienė A. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in children: a report from Lithuania. Medicina. 2021 Jan 26;57(2):112.
Romagnani P, Remuzzi G, Glassock R, Levin A, Jager KJ, Tonelli M, Massy Z, Wanner C, Anders HJ. Chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Dis Prim 2017 Nov 23;3(1):1-24.
Yehia Mohammed Elsodany A, Saied Adam S. Quality of Life among Patients with Hemodialysis. Egypt J Health Care 2022 Sep 1;13(3):735-48.
Radisic G, Duncanson E, Le Leu R, Collins KL, Burke AL, Turner JK, Chur-Hansen A, Donnelly F, Hill K, McDonald S, Macauley L. Improving management of needle distress during the journey to dialysis through psychological education and training—the INJECT study feasibility pilot protocol. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2022 Feb 4;8(1):28.
Atzori B, Vagnoli L, Graziani D, Hoffman HG, Sampaio M, Alhalabi W, Messeri A, Lauro-Grotto R. An exploratory study on the effectiveness of virtual reality analgesia for children and adolescents with kidney diseases undergoing venipuncture. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 Feb 17;19(4):2291.
Teh JJ, Pascoe DJ, Hafeji S, Parchure R, Koczoski A, Rimmer MP, Khan KS, Al Wattar BH. Efficacy of virtual reality for pain relief in medical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC med 2024 Feb 14;22(1):64.
Tsitsi T, Michail KA, Christou FG, Charalambous A. Use of immersive virtual reality in managing physical and psychological distress in children and adolescents with malignancies undergoing chemotherapy treatment via implanted vascular access device needle insertion: A Systematic Review. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2024 Sep 26:102695.
Berihun B, Fentahun N, Asmare L, Yigzaw ZA. Practice and factors associated with pediatrics pain management among nurses working in Bahir Dar city public hospitals: A mixed method study. PloS one 2024 May 6;19(5): e0300853.
Elendu C, Elendu RC, Enyong JM, Ibhiedu JO, Ishola IV, Egbunu EO, Meribole ES, Lawal SO, Okenwa CJ, Okafor GC, Umeh ED. Comprehensive review of current management guidelines of chronic kidney disease. Medicine 2023 Jun 9;102(23): e33984.
Bello AK, Okpechi IG, Osman MA, Cho Y, Htay H, Jha V, Wainstein M, Johnson DW. Epidemiology of haemodialysis outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022 Jun;18(6):378-95.
Murdeshwar, H.N.; Anjum, F. Hemodialysis. In StatPearls [Internet]; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2021.
Ibrahim MB, Abdelaal Badawi SE, Alameri RA. Assessment of pain and anxiety during arteriovenous fistula cannulation among hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022 Apr 5:705-18.
Won AS, Bailey J, Bailenson J, Tataru C, Yoon IA, Golianu B. Immersive virtual reality for pediatric pain. Children 2017 Jun 23;4(7):52.
Heathcote LC, Lau JY, Mueller SC, Eccleston C, Fox E, Bosmans M, Vervoort T. Child attention to pain and pain tolerance are dependent upon anxiety and attention control: An eye‐tracking study. Eur J Pain 2017 Feb;21(2):250-63.
Mahmoud Farrag J, Mohamed Ahmed S, Abdallah Mohammed H, Mohamed Ahmed Ayed M. Non-pharmacological strategies to mitigate pain and anxiety among children on dialysis. Egypt J Health Care 2022 Mar 1;13(1):1609-25.
Wright J, Louttit E, Pasternak E, Irwin MN, Spruit JL. Pain management in pediatrics. Adv Fam Pract Nurs 2021 May 1; 3:195-214.
Benchimol-Elkaim B, Khoury B, Tsimicalis A. Nature-based mindfulness programs using virtual reality to reduce pediatric perioperative anxiety: a narrative review. Front pediatr 2024 Jan 12; 12:1334221.
Chow CH, Van Lieshout RJ, Buckley N, Schmidt LA. Children’s Perioperative Multidimensional Anxiety Scale (CPMAS): Development and validation. Psychol Assess 2016 Sep;28(9):1101.
Fronk E, Billick SB. Pre-operative anxiety in pediatric surgery patients: multiple case study analysis with literature review. Psychiatr Q 2020 Dec;91(4):1439-51.
Carrillo FM, Quiles JO. Preocupaciones prequirúrgicas: estudio empírico con población infantil y adolescente. InAnales de Pediatría 2001 Jan 1 (Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 129-134). Elsevier Doyma.
Koroluk LD. Dental anxiety in adolescents with a history of childhood dental sedation. ASDC J Dent Child 2000 May 1;67(3):200-5.
Rabbitts JA, Aaron RV, Fisher E, Lang EA, Bridgwater C, Tai GG, Palermo TM. Long-term pain and recovery after major pediatric surgery: a qualitative study with teens, parents, and perioperative care providers. The journal of pain 2017 Jul 1;18(7):778-86.
Gulur P, Fortier MA, Mayes LC, Kain ZN. Perioperative behavioral stress in children. InA practice of anesthesia for infants and children 2019 Jan 1 (pp. 25-34). Elsevier.
Dawood B, Gado E, Ahmed S, Hegazy S. Effect of Virtual Reality compared to Guided Visualization on Arteriovenous Fistula Cannulation pain and pain anxiety among hemodialysis children. Assiut Sci Nurs J 2021 Mar 1;9(24):115-26.
Abdalmajed A. Nurses’ knowledge and practice Regarding Nursing Care of Hemodialysis Catheter in Pediatric Renal Units in Khartoum State. Published Master Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, The National Ribat University. 2017.
Srouji R, Ratnapalan S, Schneeweiss S. Pain in children: assessment and nonpharmacological management. Int J Pediatr 2010;2010(1):474838.
Saleh AM. Nurses’ assessment and management practices of pain among intensive care patients in King Khalid Hospital, Kharj, Riyadh. Heliyon 2023 Sep 1;9(9).
Gong L, Liu J, Yan J, Wang L. Effect of puncture-related pain on the quality of life in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis through internal arteriovenous fistula. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Central South University. Med Sci 2014 Dec 1;39(12):1292-8.
Davtalab E, Naji S, Shahidi S. Comparing the effects of valsalva maneuver and ice massage at Hoku point methods on pain intensity within the needle insertion to the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for patients undergoing hemodialysis in the selected hospitals in Isfahan in 2015. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2016;5(5):101-7.
Tomasello C, Pinto RM, Mennini C, Conicella E, Stoppa F, Raucci U. Scrambler therapy efficacy and safety for neuropathic pain correlated with chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy in adolescents: A preliminary study. Pediatr blood & cancer 2018 Jul;65(7): e27064.
Alalo FM, Ahmad AE, El Sayed HM. Pain Intensity after an Ice Pack Application Prior to Venipuncture among School-Age Children: An Experimental Study. J Educ Pract 2016;7(36):16-25.
Fujimoto K, Adachi H, Yamazaki K, Nomura K, Saito A, Matsumoto Y, Igarashi K, Uranishi H, Sakaguchi S, Matsuura T, Imura J. Comparison of the pain-reducing effects of EMLA cream and of lidocaine tape during arteriovenous fistula puncture in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A multi-center, open-label, randomized crossover trial. PloS one 2020 Mar 25;15(3): e0230372.
Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. Jama. 2016 Apr 19;315(15):1624-45.
Eijlers R, Utens EM, Staals LM, de Nijs PF, Berghmans JM, Wijnen RM, Hillegers MH, Dierckx B, Legerstee JS. Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality in pediatrics: effects on pain and anxiety. Anesth Analg 2019 Nov 1;129(5):1344-53.
[36] Coleman DN, Hurley ML, March KS, Schommer KW, Curry AM, Gordon MD, Hagan JL. Virtual Reality as a Form of Interactive Distraction for Pediatric Patients Receiving Immediate Hypersensitivity Skin Tests: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Child Life Psychosoc Theory Pract 2021 Oct 8;2(2).
Felemban OM, Alshamrani RM, Aljeddawi DH, Bagher SM. Effect of virtual reality distraction on pain and anxiety during infiltration anesthesia in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2021 Jun 25;21(1):321.
Pradhan R, Barad D, Pravati T, Bikrant P, Rubi P. A randomized control trial on the effect of virtual reality versus cold vibration on pain and physiological parameters during phlebotomy among children. Eur J Mol Clin Med 2021;7(10):3788-802.
Kanad N, Gerçeker GÖ, Eker İ, Susam HŞ. The effect of virtual reality on pain, fear and emotional appearance during blood draw in pediatric patients at the hematology-oncology outpatient clinic: A randomized controlled study. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2024 Feb 1; 68:102495.
Thybo KH, Friis SM, Aagaard G, Jensen CS, Dyekjær CD, Jørgensen CH, Walther‐Larsen S. A randomized controlled trial on virtual reality distraction during venous cannulation in young children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2022 Oct;66(9):1077-82.
Horvat N, Kunnen S, Štorga M, Nagarajah A, Škec S. Immersive virtual reality applications for design reviews: Systematic literature review and classification scheme for functionalities. Adv Eng Inform 2022 Oct 1; 54:101760.
Kenney MP, Milling LS. The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for reducing pain: A meta-analysis. Psychol Conscious: Theory Res Pract 2016 Sep;3(3):199.
Collins E. Effectiveness of Fully Immersive Virtual Reality as Pain and Distress Treatment Method as Compared to Standard Analgesic Treatments in Children Undergoing Painful Medical Procedures: A systemic Review. Master Degree of Science in Child and Family Psychology. University of Canterbury, Christchurch New Zealand. 2019.
Hoffman HG, Sharar SR, Coda B, Everett JJ, Ciol M, Richards T, Patterson DR. Manipulating presence influences the magnitude of virtual reality analgesia. Pain 2004 Sep 1;111(1-2):162-8.
Cardo RA, David OA, David DO. Virtual reality exposure therapy in flight anxiety. Comput Hum Behav. 2017 Jul 1;72(C):371-80.
Dascal J, Reid M, IsHak WW, Spiegel B, Recacho J, Rosen B, Danovitch I. Virtual reality and medical inpatients: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Innov Clin Neurosci 2017 Jan;14(1-2):14.
Malloy KM, Milling LS. The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for pain reduction: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2010 Dec 1;30(8):1011-8.
Dumoulin S, Bouchard S, Ellis J, Lavoie KL, Vézina MP, Charbonneau P, Tardif J, Hajjar A. A randomized controlled trial on the use of virtual reality for needle-related procedures in children and adolescents in the emergency department. Games health j 2019 Aug 1;8(4):285-93.
Atzori B, Hoffman HG, Vagnoli L, Messeri A, Grotto RL. Virtual reality as distraction technique for pain management in children and adolescents. Adv Methodol Technol Med Healthc 2019:483-94.
Gold JI, SooHoo M, Laikin AM, Lane AS, Klein MJ. Effect of an immersive virtual reality intervention on pain and anxiety associated with peripheral intravenous catheter placement in the pediatric setting: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA network open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8): e2122569-.
Gold JI, Mahrer NE. Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. J Pediatr Psychol 2018 Apr 1;43(3):266-75.
Piskorz J, Czub M. Effectiveness of a virtual reality intervention to minimize pediatric stress and pain intensity during venipuncture. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2018 Jan;23(1): e12201.
Wolitzky K, Fivush R, Zimand E, Hodges L, Rothbaum BO. Effectiveness of virtual reality distraction during a painful medical procedure in pediatric oncology patients. J Health Psychol 2005 Dec 1;20(6):817-24.
Gershon J, Zimand E, Pickering M, Rothbaum BO, Hodges L. A pilot and feasibility study of virtual reality as a distraction for children with cancer. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004 Oct 1;43(10):1243-9.
Windich-Biermeier A, Sjoberg I, Dale JC, Eshelman D, Guzzetta CE. Effects of distraction on pain, fear, and distress during venous port access and venipuncture in children and adolescents with cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2007 Jan;24(1):8-19.
Karaman D, Taşdemir N. The effect of using virtual reality during breast biopsy on pain and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs 2021 Dec 1;36(6):702-5.
Ding J, He Y, Chen L, Zhu B, Cai Q, Chen K, Liu G. Virtual reality distraction decreases pain during daily dressing changes following haemorrhoid surgery. J Int Med Res 2019 Sep;47(9):4380-8.
Lou J, Li J, Fan Y, Zhang C, Huang N. Effects of Virtual Reality on Analgesia in Wound Care and Physical Therapy for Burn Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pain Manag Nurs 2024 May 3.
Basak T, Duman S, Demirtas A. Distraction‐based relief of pain associated with peripheral intravenous catheterisation in adults: a randomised controlled trial. J clin nurs 2020 Mar;29(5-6):770-7.
Elzeky ME, Salameh B, Reshia FA, Sabry AA, Shahine NF, Mohamed EA. The effect of virtual reality distraction on haemodialysis patients’ pain and anxiety during arteriovenous fistula puncture: a randomised controlled trial. J Res Nurs 2024 Sep;29(6):421-34.
Anderson N. Commentary: The effect of virtual reality distraction on haemodialysis patients’ pain and anxiety during arteriovenous fistula puncture: a randomised controlled trial. J Res Nurs 2024 Sep;29(6):435-7.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
