Galanin-Like Peptide's Association with Insulin Resistance in PCOS Patients
Keywords:
PCOS, Insulin resistance, Galanin-like peptide, LDL, Total cholesterol, Lipid profileAbstract
Background: Women in the reproductive age range are susceptible to the common complex endocrine condition known as polycystic ovarian syndrome, or PCOS. It has been demonstrated that galanin-like peptide (GALP) is linked to ovulation regulation.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) for reduced blood levels of Galanin-like peptide (GALP) and serum insulin resistance.
Patients and methods: In this study, 40 healthy women who were age-matched to the PCOS patients were selected as the control group, while 100 women with PCOS between the ages of 15 and 45 took part: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kirkuk City's hospitals and outpatient clinics between September and December 2024.Patients with PCO are diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria. Participants were recruited after completing informed consent and having all eligibility requirements confirmed. The body mass index is computed both prior to and following treatment. The insulin resistance homeostatic model evaluation is calculated using the formula below.: An ELISA kit was used to assess the ratio of fasting insulin to fasting glucose by 405 galanin-like peptide (GALP) in human serum using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique. An automatic biochemical analyzer was used to assess the levels of triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC). SPSS for Windows 7 was utilized for data analysis.
Results: This group's serum levels of human GALP (galanin-like peptide) were considerably (p>0.01) lower than those of the control group. Serum levels of LDL and total cholesterol in PCOS patients were significantly higher than those in the control group (p>0.01). The serum levels of HDL, VLDL, and triglycerides are non-significant (p-value >0.05). Furthermore, compared to the control group, there was a substantial (p>0.01) rise in serum glucose and HOM-IR levels in PCOS patients.
Conclusion: Women with PCOS had lower serum levels of human GALP (galanin-like peptide) than the control group.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ganie, Mohd Ashraf, et al. "Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among reproductive age women from Kashmir valley: A cross‐sectional study." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2020 May;149(2):231-236.
Salim J. Khalaf, Moayad M. Al Anzy. Impact of Metformin On Osteoprotegerin levels In Polycystic Ovarian Women. GMN;.2024; 1 (346) 2024:144-146
Jihad AT Levels of AMH and Hepcidin as Potential Biomarkers for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Georgian medical news.2023; 6 (339):47-51.
Tawfeq MT. Metformin effects on neuregulin-1 in polycystic ovarian women. Georgian medical news. 2023;4:56- 62.
Sarhat ER. Changes of serum Interleukin and Chemerin levels in patients with Polycystic Ovary syndrome. J Adv Pharm Educ Res. 2021;11
Allow SM. Metformin effects on blood levels of gremlin-1 in polycystic ovarian women. Georgian medical news. 2023;337:51-55.
Tyczewska, Marianna, et al. "Effects of Galp and alarin peptides on HPA axis gene expression and adrenal function: In vivo experiments." Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2022; 31(6): 643-654.
Mahmmod M, Sarhat E. HEPCIDIN AND FERRITIN MODULATED IN OBESE MALE. Georgian Med News. 2023 Nov;(344):114-118. PMID: 38236110.
Xing C, Li C, He B: Insulin sensitizers for improving the endocrine and metabolic profile in overweight women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020, 105:2950-63.
Tuama R, Sarhat E. THE ROLE OF MYONECTIN IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. Georgian Med News. 2024 Jun;(351):96-99. PMID: 39230229.
He FF, Li YM: Role of gut microbiota in the development of insulin resistance and the mechanism underlying polycystic ovary syndrome: a review. J Ovarian Res. 2020, 13:73.
Donini, Lorenzo Maria, et al. "Obesity or BMI paradox? Beneath the tip of the iceberg." Frontiers in nutrition 7 (2020): 53
Jung E, Kong SY, Ro YS, Ryu HH, and Shin SD. Serum cholesterol levels and risk of cardiovascular death: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022;19(14): 8272.
Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, and Hegele RA. Clinical review on triglycerides. European heart journal, 2020; 41(1): 99-109.
So Young P, Gautier JF, and Chon S. "Assessment of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in human." Diabetes & metabolism journal, 2021;45(5): 641-654.
Chen, Zheng, et al. "Increased GPC4 and clusterin associated with insulin resistance in patients with PCOS." Endocrine Connections 13.3 (2024).
Acar S, Paketçi A, Küme T, Demir K, Gürsoy Çalan Ö, Böber E, et al. Positive correlation of galanin with insulin resistance and triglyceride levels in obese children. Turk J Med Sci. 2018;48(3):560-568.
Fang P, He B, Shi M, Zhu Y, Bo P, Zhang Z. Crosstalk between exercise and galanin system alleviates insulin resistance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;59:141-6.
Imai, Yumi, Dalal El Ladiki, and Spencer J. Peachee. "Pancreatic Islet Adaptation and Failure in Obesity." Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Textbook. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. 385-404.
Baranowska B, Radzikowska M, Wasilewska-Dziubińska E, Kapliński A, Roguski K, Płonowski A. Neuropeptide Y, leptin, galanin and insulin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;13(5):344-51.
Bidzińska-Speichert B, Lenarcik A, Tworowska-Bardzińska U, Slęzak R, Bednarek-Tupikowska G, Milewicz A. Pro12Ala PPAR γ2 gene polymorphism in PCOS women: the role of compounds regulating satiety. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2022;28(3):195-8.
Fang P, He B, Shi M, Zhu Y, Bo P, Zhang Z. Crosstalk between exercise and galanin system alleviates insulin resistance.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;59:141-6.
Zeng, X., Xie, Y. jie, Liu, Y. ting, Long, S. lian, & Mo, Z. cheng. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Correlation between hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and obesity. Clinica Chimica Acta, (2020). 502, 214–221.
Malini, N. A., & George, K. R. Evaluation of different ranges of LH : FSH Ratios in Polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS ) - Clinical based case control study Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology , St . Thomas College Kozhencherry -. General and Comparative Endocrinology. (2017).
Ye, J. Mechanism of insulin resistance in obesity : a role of ATP. (2021). 15(3), 372– 382.
mohamed, N., Hendawy, A., Abdelsalam, H., & hussien, mohamed. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and Insulin resistance. Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 2023(1), 96–99.
Victorin, E. S.-. Epigenetic inheritance of polycystic ovary syndrome challenges and opportunities for treatment. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. (2021).
Mohammed AJ,.Partial Purification of Glutathione Peroxidase Enzyme from Women with Breast Cancer. Georgian Med News. 2024.
Hameed, A. A., & Ahmeid, M. S. Assessment of the serum level of melatonin and its correlation with insulin, insulin resistance, and glycated hemoglobin in Iraqi patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Medical Journal of Babylon, (2019). 16(4), 316-320.
Mahmmoed B, Hilal N, Sarhat E. Evaluation fetuin a level in polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with asprosin and some biochemical parameter.. Georgian Med News. 2023 Oct;(343):63-66. PMID: 38096518.
Cassar, M. L. Misso, W. G. Hopkins, C. S. Shaw, H. J. Teede, and N. K. Stepto, “Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies,” Human Reproduction, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2619–2631, 2016.
Çatal, A., & Kovalak, E. E. Evaluation of sestrin 2 and tribbles homolog 3 levels in obese and nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, (2023). 53(6), 1697-1703.
Swetha N, Vyshnavi R, Modagan P, Rajagopalan B. A correlative study of biochemical parameters in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Int J Biol Med Res 2023; 4: 3148-54
Sharma SS, Bhaskar MV, Sumapreethi A. Evaluation of Dyslipidemia and Oxidative Stress in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2022; 1: 769-75.
Glueck CJ, Morrison JA, Friedman LA, Goldenberg N, Stroop DM, Wang P. Obesity, free testosterone, and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome and regularly cycling adolescents. Metabolism 2018; 55: 508-14.
Gunning, M.N.; Fauser, B.C.J.M. Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at increased cardiovascular disease risk later in life? Climacteric. (2017), 20, 222–227.
Bizoń, Anna, et al. "The associations between sex hormones and lipid profiles in serum of women with different phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10.17 (2021): 3941.
.Chen, M.-J.; Yang, W.-S.; Yang, J.-H.; Hsiao, C.K.; Yang, Y.-S.; Ho, H.-N. Low sex hormone-binding globulin is associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS. Hum. Reprod. (2020), 21, 2266–2271.
Zhu, J.; Chen, Z.; Feng, W.-J.; Long, S.-L.; Mo, Z.-C. Sex hormone-binding globulin and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Chim. Acta (2019), 499, 142–148
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
