Diabetes Mellitus: Classification, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Diagnostic Criteria and Advances in Management
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N\AAbstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a rapidly growing chronic disease, driven by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Insulin action refers to the hormone's ability to facilitate glucose uptake by cells. Insulin enables glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells while inhibiting liver glucose production. DM affects approximately 8.5% of the global population, with projected growth to 10.9% by 2030, placing a considerable burden on healthcare systems worldwide. It is significantly contributing to global morbidity and mortality The complex and multifaceted nature of DM, involving genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, underscores the need for focused research.
This is a compressive type of review provides an overview of DM, encompassing its classification, pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria management, Pharmacological Treatment and advances in diabetes. Additionally, in this review various forms of diabetes is covered, including detailed information about Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM), Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and less common forms such as Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA), Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness (MIDD) and Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM).
The review highlights pharmacological treatments for DM, including oral medications like metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, TZDs, insulin therapy and newer agents like GLP-1 receptor agonists, discussing their efficacy, side effects and combination therapies. It also covers advances in diabetes management, such as gene therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell research and technologies like artificial pancreas systems and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), aimed at improving patient outcomes. The importance of early diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and ongoing research to address the global burden of DM is emphasized.
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