Serum Levels of Inflammatory Marker Chemerin and Apelin in Type2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy in A Tertiary Care Centre, Tamil Nadu: A Case –Control Study
Keywords:
Chemerin, Apelin, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic RetinopathyAbstract
Background:Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease with significant health impacts, including cardiovascular disease and retinopathy, exacerbated by uncontrolled glucose levels. The onset of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is closely associated with oxidative damage, inflammation, and several proangiogenic cytokines. Chemerin and apelin are pleiotropic peptide cytokine and it is involved in adipogenesis, glucose metabolism and inflammation.
Objective: To assess the levels of inflammatory marker chemerin and apelin in T2DM patients with and without diabetic retinopathy.
Materials and Methods:This study was conducted at St.Peters Medical College Hospital & Research Institute,Hosur,Tamilnadu. Duration of study period was 1year. Totally 110 healthy control, and 110 patients without DR and 110 patients with DR were included. Serum samples were tested for chemerin and apelin by ELISA method. Biochemical parameters and ophthalmological examination findings of the participants were recorded.
Results and Discussion:In this study,we recruited 330 participants, including110 healthy individuals in group 1, 110 patients T2DM without DR in group2 and 110 T2DM with DR in group 3. Out of 110 DR ,77 were males (70%) and 33 (30%) females. Serum chemerin andapelin level was significantly higher in group 1 than in group2 and group 3.
Conclusion: patients with T2DM with DR showed higher Serum chemerin and apelin levels than those with T2DM without DR and healthy individuals. High levels of chemerin and apelin paved the pathogenesis diabetic retinopathy by enhancing inflammation, insulin resistance and angiogenesis factor. Early diagnosis of T2DM provides better treatment and reduce risk of diabetic retinopathy.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Wong, T. Y., Cheung, C. M. G., Larsen, M., Sharma, S., & Simó, R. (2016). Diabetic retinopathy. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 2(1), 1–17.
Sabanayagam, C., Banu, R., Chee, M. L., Lee, R., Wang, Y. X., Tan, G., Sanchez-Rebordelo, E., et al. (2018). Regulation of chemerin and CMKLR1 expression by nutritional status, postnatal development, and gender. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 2905.
Teo, Z. L., Tham, Y. C., Yu, M., Chee, M. L., Rim, T. H., Cheung, N., & Cheng, C. Y. (2021). Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology, 128(11), 1580–1591.
Yau, J. W., Rogers, S. L., Kawasaki, R., Lamoureux, E. L., Kowalski, J. W., Bek, T., & Meta-Analysis for Eye Disease (META-EYE) Study Group. (2012). Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care, 35(3), 556–564.
Korobelnik, J. F., Do, D. V., Schmidt-Erfurth, U., Boyer, D. S., Holz, F. G., Heier, J. S., & Brown, D. M. (2014). Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology, 121(11), 2247–2254.
Wykoff, C. C., Do, D. V., Goldberg, R. A., Dhoot, D. S., Lim, J. I., Du, W., & Clark, W. L. (2024). Ocular and systemic risk factors for disease worsening among patients with NPDR: post hoc analysis of the PANORAMA trial. Ophthalmology Retina, 8(4), 399–408.
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994). Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 372(6505), 425–432.
Cooper, O. A. E., Taylor, D. J., Crabb, D. P., Sim, D. A., & McBain, H. (2020). Psychological, social and everyday visual impact of diabetic macular oedema and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. Diabetic Medicine, 37(6), 924–933.
Wittamer, V., Grégoire, F., Robberecht, P., Vassart, G., Communi, D., & Parmentier, M. (2004). The C-terminal nonapeptide of mature chemerin activates the chemerin receptor with low nanomolar potency. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(11), 9956–9962.
Bozaoglu, K., Bolton, K., McMillan, J., Zimmet, P., Jowett, J., Collier, G., et al. (2007). Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology, 148, 4687–4694.
Rourke, J. L., Dranse, H. J., & Sinal, C. J. (2013). Towards an integrative approach to understanding the role of chemerin in human health and disease. Obesity Reviews, 14(3), 245–262.
Castan-Laurell, I., et al. (2011). Apelin, diabetes, and obesity. Endocrine, 40(1), 1–9.
Fasshauer, M., & Blüher, M. (2015). Adipokines in health and disease. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 36(7), 461–470.
Antushevich, H., & Wojcik, M. (2018). Review: apelin in disease. Clinica Chimica Acta, 483, 241–248.
Wu, L., Chen, L., & Li, L. (2017). Apelin/APJ system: a novel promising therapy target for pathological angiogenesis. Clinica Chimica Acta, 466, 78–84.
Du, J.-H., et al. (2014). Elevation of serum apelin-13 associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 7(6), 968–973.
Wilkinson, C. P., et al. (2003). Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology, 110(9), 1677–1682.
Antuna-Puente, B., Feve, B., Fellahi, S., & Bastard, J. P. (2008). Adipokines: the missing link between insulin resistance and obesity. Diabetes & Metabolism, 34, 2–11.
Hart, R., & Greaves, D. R. (2010). Chemerin contributes to inflammation by promoting macrophage adhesion to VCAM-1 and fibronectin through clustering of VLA-4 and VLA-5. Journal of Immunology, 185, 3728–3739.
Bozaoglu, K., Segal, D., Shields, K. A., Cummings, N., Curran, J. E., Comuzzie, A. G., et al. (2009). Chemerin is associated with metabolic syndrome phenotypes in a Mexican-American population. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94, 3085–3090.
Lehrke, M., Becker, A., Greif, M., Stark, R., Laubender, R. P., von Ziegler, F., et al. (2009). Chemerin is associated with markers of inflammation and components of the metabolic syndrome but does not predict coronary atherosclerosis. European Journal of Endocrinology, 161, 339–344.
Yamawaki, H. (2011). Vascular effects of novel adipocytokines: focus on vascular contractility and inflammatory responses. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 34, 307–310.
Roman, A. A., Parlee, S. D., & Sinal, C. J. (2012). Chemerin: a potential endocrine link between obesity and type 2 diabetes. Endocrine, 42(2), 243–251.
Kaur, J., et al. (2010). Identification of chemerin receptor (ChemR23) in human endothelial cells: chemerin-induced endothelial angiogenesis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 391(4), 1762–1768.
Wu, L., Chen, L., & Li, L. (2017). Apelin/APJ system: a novel promising therapy target for pathological angiogenesis. Clinica Chimica Acta, 466, 78–84.
Schalkwijk, C. G., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2005). Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction. Clinical Science (London), 109, 143–159.
Du, J., Li, R., Xu, L., Ma, R., Liu, J., Cheng, J., et al. (2016). Increased serum chemerin levels in diabetic retinopathy of type 2 diabetic patients. Current Eye Research, 41, 114–120.
Tahir, N. T., Falih, I. Q., Husaini, F. K., & Zeghair, S. A. (2020). The effect of chemerin level in type II diabetic patients with and without retinopathy. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11, 1856–1863.
Halawa, M. R., Abdullah, A. A., Ibrahim, N. A., & El-Sabawy, A. M. (2018). Chemerin is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Egyptian Journal of Obesity, Diabetes and Endocrinology, 4, 23–29.
Kasai, A., et al. (2013). Inhibition of apelin expression switches endothelial cells from proliferative to mature state in pathological retinal angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, 16(3), 723–730.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
