A study to evaluate the Effectiveness of Short Foot Exercises over Conventional in Flexible Pes Planus
Keywords:
Flexible Pes Planus, Flat Feet, Navicular drop test, intrinsic foot muscle, short foot exercisesAbstract
Background: Adult flatfoot and arch deformities result from disruption of the supporting ligaments as well as from muscle weakness or tightness leading to direct impairments in the arch.As the condition progresses, it causes biomechanical alterations that further impair daily functioning. Studies also show correlation between Cartilage damage of Knee, Low back pain with Pes Planus. Many other studies aimed to correct the medial longitudinal arch with arch supporters, Taping and Faradic foot bath.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the short-foot exercise (SFE) on Flexible Pes Planus over conventional methods.
Methodology: This study involved 60 subjects who fulfilled the criteria,with 30 particpants each group ,Group A (n=30, 13 men and 17 women) was Conventional Therapy and Group B (n=30, 14 men and 16 women) was Short Foot Exercise progression. The subjects were each given a consent form. The purpose of the study was explained to all the participants and an informed consent was taken from each subject. Navicular Drop Test was used as an Outcome Measure. Group A performed the SFE. SFE programs were performed 20 minutes a day, 5 times a week, for a total of 4 weeks. The Navicular drop test was compared before and after training.
Result: Group A achieved a mean of 9.8 while Group B achieved a mean of 10.15. Group A showed a reduction of 2.74mm while Group B achieved a 2.95mm. P value and statistical significance: the two tailed p value equals 0.6557, by conventional criteria, the difference observed shows only a weak statistical association, suggesting limited evidence of a true effect.
Conclusion: SFE and Conventional exercises are found to be effective in Flexible Pes Planus however, SFE was found to be clinically more effective than conventional exercise, demonstrating greater reductions in NDT values. Despite the weak statistical relationship observed in the results, the observed trends highlight the need for further research to explore the potential clinical benefits more comprehensively.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Toullec E. Adult flatfoot. Orthop & Traumatol: SurgRes. 2015; 354 101(1): 11-17. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.07.030
K Vijayakumar, S Senthilkumar, Rameshkumar Subramanian. A study on relationship between BMI and prevalence of flat foot among the adults using foot print parameters. International Journal of Advanced Research. 2016; 4(5):1428-1431.
Shibuya N, Jupiter DC, Ciliberti LJ, Vanburen V, La Fontaine J. Characteristics of Adult Flatfoot in the United States. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010; 49(4): 363-368. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas. 2010.04.001
Jankowicz-Szyman´ska A, Wódka K, Kołpa M, Mikołajczyk E. Foot longitudinal arches in obese, overweight and normal weight females who differ in age. Homo. 2018; 69(1-2): 37-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.03.001.
Troiano G, Nante N, Citarelli GL. Pes planus and pes cavus in Southern Italy: a 5 year study. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2017;53(2): 142-145. doi: 10.4415/ANN_17_02_10.
Mansour R, Teh J, Sharp RJ, Ostlere S. Ultrasound assessment of the spring ligament complex. Eur Radiol. 2008; 18(11): 2670-2675. doi: 10.1007/s00330-008-1047-1.
Angin S, Crofts G, Mickle KJ, Nester CJ. Ultrasound evaluation of foot muscles and plantar fascia in pes planus. Gait Posture. 2014; 40(1): 48-52. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.02.008.
Abourazzak F.E, Kadi N, Azzouzi H, et al. A positive association between foot posture index and medial compartment knee osteoarthritis in moroccan people. Open Rheumatol J. 2014;8:96-99.
Gross KD, Felson DT, Niu J, et al. Association of flat feet with knee pain and cartilage damage in older adults. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(7):937-944.
Guler H, Karazincir S, Turhanoglu AD, et al. Effect of coexisting foot deformity on disability in women with knee osteoarthritis. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 2009;99(1):23-27
Banwell, H.A.; Thewlis, D.; Mackintosh, S. Adults with flexible pes planus and the approach to the prescription of customised foot orthoses in clinical practice: A clinical records audit. Foot (Edinb) 2015, 25, 101–109. [CrossRef]
Desmyttere, G.; Hajizadeh, M.; Bleau, J.; Begon, M. Effect of foot orthosis design on lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics during walking in flexible pes planovalgus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Biomech. 2018, 59, 117–129. [CrossRef]
R.L. Bordelon, Correction of hypermobile flatfoot in children by molded insert, Foot Ankle 1 (1980), 143–150
M.M. Jennings and J.C. Christensen, The effects of sectioning the spring ligament on rearfoot stability and posterior tibial tendon efficiency, J Foot Ankle Surg 47 (2008), 219–224
McKeon, P.O.; Hertel, J.; Bramble, D.; Davis, I. The foot core system: A new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function. Br. J. Sports Med. 2015, 49, 290. [CrossRef]
Kelly, L.A.; Cresswell, A.G.; Racinais, S.; Whiteley, R.; Lichtwark, G. Intrinsic foot muscles have the capacity to control deformation of the longitudinal arch. J. R. Soc. Interface 2014, 11, 20131188. [CrossRef]
McKeon, P.O.; Fourchet, F. Freeing the foot: Integrating the foot core system into rehabilitation for lower extremity injuries. Clin. Sports Med. 2015, 34, 347–361. [CrossRef]
N.W. Elftman, Nonsurgical treatment of adult acquired flat foot deformity, Foot Ankle Clin 8 (2003), 473–489
A.K. Leung, A.F. Mak and J.H. Evans, Biomedical gait evaluation of the immediate effect of orthotic treatment for flexible flat foot, Prosthet Orthot Int 22 (1998), 25–34
Menz HB, Morris ME, Lord SR. Foot and ankle characteristics associated with impaired balance and functional ability in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60:1546–52.
Goldmann JP, Sanno M, Willwacher S, et al. The potential of toe flexor muscles to enhance performance. J Sports Sci 2013;31:424–33. [25] Kelly LA, Kuitunen S, Racinais S, et al. Recruitment of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles with increasing postural demand. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2012;27:46–51
Graham VL, Gehlsen GM, Edwards JA. Electromyographic evaluation of closed and open kinetic chain knee rehabilitation exercises. J Athl Train 1993;28:23–30.
Palmitier RA, An KN, Scott SG, et al. Kinetic chain exercise in knee rehabilitation. Sports Med 1991;11:402–13.
Cobb SC, Tis LL, Johnson BF, et al. The effect of forefoot varus on postural stability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004;34:79–85.
Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013;18:425 430
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
