Fluoride Exposure and Toxicity: Comprehensive Review of Health Risks and Prevention
Keywords:
Fluoride toxicity, Reproductive health, Renal dysfunction, Endocrine disruption, Oxidative stress, Hypothyroidism, Fertility, Water fluoridation, Public health, Biomarkers, Fluoride removal, Preventive strategiesAbstract
Fluoride, widely used in dental care and water fluoridation, has beneficial effects at controlled levels, but excessive exposure poses significant health risks. This review highlights the systemic toxicity of fluoride, particularly its effects on the reproductive, renal, and endocrine systems. In males, fluoride exposure reduces sperm quality by impairing motility and increasing oxidative stress, while in females, it disrupts ovarian function and hormone balance, leading to reduced fertility. Chronic exposure also impacts renal function, exacerbating nephrotoxicity and increasing the risk of kidney stones. Furthermore, fluoride interferes with thyroid and pineal gland function, leading to hypothyroidism and disruptions in circadian rhythms. Several factors, including age, nutritional status, and duration of exposure, influence the severity of fluoride toxicity. Prevention strategies such as water treatment, public health measures, and dietary interventions are crucial in minimizing exposure. Advances in research are focused on understanding fluoride’s molecular pathways, developing early detection biomarkers, and improving fluoride removal technologies. These efforts are vital for mitigating the risks of fluoride toxicity and safeguarding public health
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