Impact Of Tobacco Smoking On Lung Morphology: A Comparative Analysis Of Chest Radiography And Ct Scan Findings In Smokers
Keywords:
Tobacco smoke, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, RB-ILD, chest radiograph, CT scan, smoking, lung markings, ILO classification, small airway diseaseAbstract
Tobacco smoke is a major contributor to respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, bronchial cancer, emphysema, and respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD). This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between smoking and lung changes using chest radiographs and CT scans. A prospective cohort of 200 clinically stable smokers from PSP Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, was analyzed over a 3-month period. Chest radiographs and CT scans were performed simultaneously, and patients with pneumonia, sarcoidosis, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, or silicosis were excluded. The revised ILO classification system was applied to evaluate lung markings. The results revealed that 63% of patients exhibited bronchial wall thickening, and 22% had an increase in linear patterns on chest radiographs. Moderate and severe emphysema were observed in 30% and 21% of patients, respectively. CT scans revealed bronchial opacities in 62%, emphysema in 64%, and thickened bronchial walls in 64%. Intriguingly, small airway disease and the resulting intralobular opacities were identified as significant contributors to increased lung markings. The study found a significant relationship between tobacco consumption and lung changes, particularly emphysema and intralobular opacities, highlighting the effectiveness of chest radiographs and CT scans in early detection. Despite the small sample size, these preliminary results underscore the impact of smoking on lung morphology and emphasize the need for further research with larger sample sizes and more refined methodologies.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Hartman TE, Tazelaar HD, Swensen SJ, Müller NL. Cigarette smoking: CT and pathologic findings of associated pulmonary diseases. Radiographics. 1997;17(2):377–90.
American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(2):277–304.
Heyneman LE, Ward S, Lynch DA, Remy-Jardin M, Johkoh T, Müller NL. Respiratory bronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, and desquamative interstitial pneumonia: different entities or part of the spectrum of the same disease process? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173(6):1617–22.
Kanne JP, Bilawich AM, Lee CH, Im JG, Müller NL. Smoking-related emphysema and interstitial lung diseases. J Thorac Imaging. 2007;22(4):286–91.
Ryu JH, Colby TV, Hartman TE, Vassallo R. Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases: a concise review. Eur Respir J. 2001;17(1):122–32.
Wells AU, Nicholson AG, Hansell DM. Challenges in pulmonary fibrosis. 4: smoking-induced diffuse interstitial lung diseases. Thorax. 2007;62(10):904–10.
Bates DV. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema. N Engl J Med. 1968;278(11):546–51.
Fraser RG, Fraser RS, Renner JW, Bernard C, Fitzgerald PJ. The roentgenologic diagnosis of chronic bronchitis: a reassessment with emphasis on parahilar bronchi seen end-on. Radiology. 1976;120(1):1–9.
Gückel C, Hansell DM. Imaging the ‘dirty lung’—has high resolution computed tomography cleared the smoke? Clin Radiol. 1998;53(9):717–22.
Reid L, Simon G III. Pathological findings and radiological changes in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Br J Radiol. 1959;32(373):291–305.
Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Gosselin B, Becette V, Edme JL. Lung parenchymal changes secondary to cigarette smoking: pathologic-CT correlations. Radiology. 1993;186(3):643–51.
International Labour Office. Guidelines for the use of ILO international classification of radiographs of pneumoconioses. Geneva: ILO; 2000.
Awadh N, Müller NL, Park CS, Abboud RT, FitzGerald JM. Airway wall thickness in patients with near fatal asthma and control groups: assessment with high resolution computed tomographic scanning. Thorax. 1998;53(3):248–53.
Webb WR. Plain film and high resolution computed tomographic assessment of diffuse infiltrative lung disease. In: Webb WR, Higgins CB, editors. Thoracic imaging: pulmonary and cardiovascular radiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2005. p. 306–30.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1149–60.
Webb WR. Radiology of obstructive pulmonary disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169(3):637–47.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
