Cardioprotective Potentials of Medicinal Plants: An Integrative Review of Herbal Interventions in Cardiovascular Disorders
Keywords:
Siddha medicine, cardioprotective herbs, cardiovascular diseases, medicinal plants, myocardial infarction, Terminalia arjuna, garlic (Allium sativum), Tribulus terrestris, phytoconstituents, traditional herbal therapyAbstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality globally, largely
attributed to sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, psychological stress, and environmental
factors. Although conventional pharmacological therapies exist, they often carry drawbacks
such as adverse effects, high cost, and limited long-term efficacy. Traditional medicine
systems—especially Siddha, an ancient Dravidian practice—offer promising botanical
Rizwan Ul Hasan, Sanjay Kumar Yadav, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Alam, Rizwan Ahmad, Rinkesh
Kumar
alternatives with cardioprotective potential. Siddha formulations, historically documented in
palm-leaf manuscripts, incorporate numerous herbs with demonstrated cardiovascular
benefits. This review comprehensively explores the cardioprotective efficacy of various
medicinal plants, focusing on their phytoconstituents, pharmacological actions, and
mechanisms of action. Plants such as Terminalia chebula, Piper longum, Zingiber officinale,
Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Nelumbo nucifera,
Allium sativum, and Bauhinia variegata have shown significant effects in preclinical and
clinical studies. Other botanicals like Azadirachta indica, Bacopa monnieri, Curcuma longa,
Hygrophila auriculata, Nigella sativa, Ocimum basilicum, Terminalia arjuna, Withania
somnifera, and Tribulus terrestris also exhibit therapeutic potential against myocardial
infarction, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and doxorubicin-induced
cardiotoxicity. This review emphasizes the phytochemical richness and multi-targeted
mechanisms of these herbs—ranging from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions to
modulation of lipid profiles and vascular function. With nearly 80% of the global population
relying on traditional medicine, integrating validated plant-based remedies into mainstream
cardiovascular care could provide safer, more affordable, and holistic options for the
prevention and management of CVDs.
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