Recent Advances in Nanotechnology for the Prevention and Management of OSCC
Keywords:
OSCC, Theranostic, Intervention, Novel Drug Delivery Systems, NanoformulationAbstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is among the most common malignancies globally, contributing substantially to oral cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Traditional treatment methods, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, exhibit limitations such as non-specific medication distribution, systemic toxicity, and recurrence. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology and drug delivery technologies have resulted in the development of theranostic techniques, which provide both therapeutic and diagnostic functions within a single platform. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) facilitate targeted drug administration, augment bioavailability, and reduce adverse effects, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes. The shift from traditional treatment to theranostic intervention utilises nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and micelles to encapsulate anticancer drugs, facilitating controlled and localised medication release. Moreover, intelligent nanocarriers that include imaging agents provide real-time observation of drug distribution and tumour response, allowing for personalised treatment approaches. Diverse nanoplatforms, including gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles, have been thoroughly investigated for their multifunctionality in the therapy of OSCC. Moreover, biomimetic and stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems boost therapeutic efficacy while minimising systemic toxicity. This study underscores the transition from conventional OSCC treatments to nanomedicine-based theranostic strategies, highlighting their potential to transform oral cancer therapy. Notwithstanding significant progress, obstacles including large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approvals, and clinical implementation must be resolved for general acceptance. Future research should concentrate on enhancing nanoplatforms to attain precision oncology, hence improving prognostic and therapeutic results for OSCC patients. The amalgamation of NDDS with artificial intelligence and personalised medicine may further transform OSCC treatment, establishing theranostics as a fundamental element in oral cancer management
Downloads
References
Alam, A., Machale, M.U., Yadav, R.P., Sharma, M., Patel, A.K., 2021. Role of Transdermal Drug Delivery System. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i3.976
Alven, S., Aderibigbe, B.A., 2020. The therapeutic efficacy of dendrimer and micelle formulations for breast cancer treatment. Pharmaceutics. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121212
Anitha, K., Chenchula, S., Surendran, V., Shvetank, B., Ravula, P., Milan, R., Chikatipalli, R., R, P., 2024. Advancing cancer theranostics through biomimetics: A comprehensive review. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27692
Bai, J.Y., Li, X., Li, C., Zhang, X.F., Li, Z.X., Zhao, S., Liu, X., Zeng, L., Chi, B.R., 2012. Anticancer effects of fusion protein catin on DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in buccal pouch of Chinese hamster. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities.
Bhattacharya, S., 2022. Theranostics and Nanoparticular Approaches for the Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573394718666220511114831
Bukhari, S.I., Imam, S.S., Ahmad, M.Z., Vuddanda, P.R., Alshehri, S., Mahdi, W.A., Ahmad, J., 2021. Recent progress in lipid nanoparticles for cancer theranostics: Opportunity and challenges. Pharmaceutics. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060840
Cao, Y., Chen, C., Tao, Y., Lin, W., Wang, P., 2021. Immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer. Pharmaceutics. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122003
Chawla, J.P.S., Iyer, N., Soodan, K.S., Sharma, A., Khurana, S.K., Priyadarshni, P., 2015. Role of miRNA in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and regulation of its expression by Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomaviruses: With special reference to oral cancer. Oral Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.05.008
Choi, S., Kim, S., 2023. Artificial Intelligence in the Pathology of Gastric Cancer. Journal of Gastric Cancer. https://doi.org/10.5230/jgc.2023.23.e25
da Costa, N.L., de Sá Alves, M., de Sá Rodrigues, N., Bandeira, C.M., Oliveira Alves, M.G., Mendes, M.A., Cesar Alves, L.A., Almeida, J.D., Barbosa, R., 2022. Finding the combination of multiple biomarkers to diagnose oral squamous cell carcinoma – A data mining approach. Computers in Biology and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105296
Estanqueiro, M., Amaral, M.H., Conceição, J., Sousa Lobo, J.M., 2015. Nanotechnological carriers for cancer chemotherapy: The state of the art. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.12.041
Farooq, I., Bugshan, A., 2020. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: Metastasis, potentially associated malignant disorders, etiology and recent advancements in diagnosis. F1000Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22941.1
Gharat, S.A., Momin, M., Bhavsar, C., 2016. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: Current treatment strategies and nanotechnology-based approaches for prevention and therapy. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2016016272
Ghazi, N., Ghazi, A., Ansari, A.H., Solati, M., 2019. Cancer stem cells and oral carcinogenesis; A review article. International Journal of Cancer Management. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm.96139
Gnananath, K., Nataraj, K.S., Rao, B.G., 2017. Phospholipid complex technique for superior bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.005
Gopalakrishna Madhura, M., PM, M., S Kotrashetti, V., Kumar B, V., S, S., Y, S., R Iyengar, A., 2023. Advent of Single Tumor Cell Analysis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma – An Insight. RGUHS Journal of Dental Sciences. https://doi.org/10.26463/rjds.15_1_21
Granot-Matok, Y., Ezra, A., Ramishetti, S., Sharma, P., Naidu, G.S., Benhar, I., Peer, D., 2023. Lipid nanoparticles-loaded with toxin mRNA represents a new strategy for the treatment of solid tumors. Theranostics. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.82228
Han, X., Gong, C., Yang, Q., Zheng, K., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., 2024. Biomimetic Nano-Drug Delivery System: An Emerging Platform for Promoting Tumor Treatment. International Journal of Nanomedicine. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S442877
Harry, A., 2023. The Future of Medicine: Harnessing the Power of AI for Revolutionizing Healthcare. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Arts. https://doi.org/10.47709/ijmdsa.v2i1.2395
Holpuch, A.S., Hummel, G.J., Tong, M., Seghi, G.A., Pei, P., Ma, P., Mumper, R.J., Mallery, S.R., 2010. Nanoparticles for local drug delivery to the oral mucosa: Proof of principle studies. Pharmaceutical Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0121-y
Hsieh, Y.P., Wu, Y.H., Cheng, S.M., Lin, F.K., Hwang, D.Y., Jiang, S.S., Chen, K.C., Chen, M.Y., Chiang, W.F., Liu, K.J., Huynh, N.C.N., Huang, W.T., Huang, T.T., 2022. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis for Oncogenic Mechanisms Underlying Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Carcinogenesis with Candida albicans Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094833
Husain, A., Singhal, A., Agarwal, A., Hadi, R., Husain, N., 2020. The Role of Circulating Tumour DNA as a Marker of Adequate Resection in Oral Cancer and its Correlation with Clinico-pathologic Parameters: A Prospective Study. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2020/43089.13593
Jiao, W., Zhang, T., Peng, M., Yi, J., He, Y., Fan, H., 2022. Design of Magnetic Nanoplatforms for Cancer Theranostics. Biosensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12010038
Kakabadze, M.Z., Paresishvili, T., Karalashvili, L., Chakhunashvili, D., Kakabadze, Z., 2020. Oral microbiota and oral cancer: Review. Oncology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.4081/ONCOL.2020.476
kapoor, D. u., Garg, R., Gaur, M., Prajapati, B.G., Agrawal, G., Bhattacharya, S., Elossaily, G.M., 2023. Polymeric nanoparticles approach and identification and characterization of novel biomarkers for colon cancer. Results in Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2023.101167
Khan, I., Preeti, K., Fernandes, V., Khatri, D.K., Singh, S.B., 2022. Role of MicroRNAs, Aptamers in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01093-4
Kola, P., Nagesh, P.K.B., Roy, P.K., Deepak, K., Reis, R.L., Kundu, S.C., Mandal, M., 2023. Innovative nanotheranostics: Smart nanoparticles based approach to overcome breast cancer stem cells mediated chemo- and radioresistances. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1876
Kumar, S.A., Indu, S., Gautami, D., VarRuchi, S., 2020. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc) in humans: Etiological factors, diagnostic and therapeutic relevance. Research Journal of Biotechnology.
Kumar, V., 2025. A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews 21, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733947379301250703053245
Kumar, V., Ain, S., Kumar, B., Ain, Q., Gaurav, 2020. Optimization and evaluation of topical gel containing solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with luliconazole and its anti-fungal activity, in: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. pp. 2901–2912. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.SP2.169
Li, H., Zhang, Y., Xu, M., Yang, D., 2022. Current trends of targeted therapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-022-04028-8
Lin, X., Wu, X., Chen, X., Wang, B., Xu, W., 2021. Intellective and stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems in eyes. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120591
Liu, T., Du, Y., Yan, Y., Song, S., Qi, J., Xia, X., Hu, X., Chen, Q., Liu, J., Zeng, X., Zhao, H., 2023. pH-responsive dual-functional hydrogel integrating localized delivery and anti-cancer activities for highly effective therapy in PDX of OSCC. Materials Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2022.12.009
Lohavanichbutr, P., Houck, J., Doody, D.R., Wang, P., Mendez, E., Futran, N., Upton, M.P., Schwartz, S.M., Chen, C., 2012. Abstract 724: Gene expression in clinically normal oral mucosa of oral cancer patients facilitates identification of markers predictive of OSCC outcomes. Cancer Research. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-724
Longo, J.P.F., de Melo, L.N.D., Mijan, M.C., Valois, C.R.A., Joanitti, G.A., Simioni, A.R., Tedesco, A.C., de Azevedo, R.B., 2013. Photodynamic therapy mediated by liposomal chloroaluminum-phthalocyanine induces necrosis in oral cancer cells. Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2013.1070
Manikkath, J., Manikkath, A., Lad, H., Vora, L.K., Mudgal, J., Shenoy, R.R., Ashili, S., Radhakrishnan, R., 2023. Nanoparticle-Mediated Active and Passive Drug Targeting in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Current Trends and Advances. Nanomedicine 18, 2061–2080. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2023-0247
Mitsala, A., Tsalikidis, C., Pitiakoudis, M., Simopoulos, C., Tsaroucha, A.K., 2021. Artificial intelligence in colorectal cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment. A new era. Current Oncology. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol28030149
Morris, J., Gonzales, C.B., De La Chapa, J.J., Cabang, A.B., Fountzilas, C., Patel, M., Orozco, S., Wargovich, M.J., 2019. The Highly Pure Neem Leaf Extract, SCNE, Inhibits Tumorigenesis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Disruption of Pro-tumor Inflammatory Cytokines and Cell Signaling. Frontiers in Oncology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00890
Mukherjee, Shreyas, Mukherjee, Samrat, Abourehab, M.A.S., Sahebkar, A., Kesharwani, P., 2022. Exploring dendrimer-based drug delivery systems and their potential applications in cancer immunotherapy. European Polymer Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111471
Naaldijk, Y., Sherman, L.S., Turrini, N., Kenfack, Y., Ratajczak, M.Z., Souayah, N., Rameshwar, P., Ulrich, H., 2024. Mesenchymal Stem Cell—Macrophage Crosstalk Provides Specific Exosomal Cargo to Direct Immune Response Licensing of Macrophages during Inflammatory Responses. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-023-10612-3
Nadukkandy, A.S., Ganjoo, E., Singh, A., Dinesh Kumar, L., 2022. Tracing New Landscapes in the Arena of Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Frontiers in Nanotechnology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnano.2022.911063
Nasry, W.H.S., Rodriguez-Lecompte, J.C., Martin, C.K., 2018. Role of COX-2/PGE2 mediated inflammation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10100348
Nelonda, R., Setiadhi, R., 2018. Management of chronic traumatic ulcer mimicking oral squamous cell carcinoma on the tongue. Dental Journal. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i2.p76-80
Peiqi, L., Zhaozhong, G., Yaotian, Y., Jun, J., Jihua, G., Rong, J., 2016. Expression of SRSF3 is correlated with carcinogenesis and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. International Journal of Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.14871
Pickhardt, P.J., Correale, L., Hassan, C., 2023. AI-based opportunistic CT screening of incidental cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia: cost-effectiveness analysis. Abdominal Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-023-03800-9
Rana, I., Oh, J., Baig, J., Moon, J.H., Son, S., Nam, J., 2023. Nanocarriers for cancer nano-immunotherapy. Drug Delivery and Translational Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-022-01241-3
Rebaudi, F., De Rosa, A., Greppi, M., Pistilli, R., Pucci, R., Govoni, F.A., Iacoviello, P., Broccolo, F., Tomasello, G., Pesce, S., Laganà, F., Bianchi, B., Di Gaudio, F., Rebaudi, A., Marcenaro, E., 2023. A new method for oral cancer biomarkers detection with a non-invasive cyto-salivary sampling and rapid-highly sensitive ELISA immunoassay: a pilot study in humans. Frontiers in Immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216107
Rizvi, S.F.A., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Fang, Q., 2024. Peptide-Drug Conjugates: Design, Chemistry, and Drug Delivery System as a Novel Cancer Theranostic. ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.3c00269
Saeed, S., Ud Din, S.R., Khan, S.U., Gul, R., Kiani, F.A., Wahab, A., Zhong, M., 2023. Nanoparticle: A Promising Player in Nanomedicine and its Theranostic Applications for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Current Problems in Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101599
Safari, J., Zarnegar, Z., 2014. Advanced drug delivery systems: Nanotechnology of health design A review. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2012.12.009
Sami, A., Elimairi, I., Stanton, C., Ross, R.P., Ryan, C.A., 2020. The role of the microbiome in oral squamous cell carcinoma with insight into the microbiome–treatment axis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218061
Savchenko, I. V., Zlotnikov, I.D., Kudryashova, E. V., 2023. Biomimetic Systems Involving Macrophages and Their Potential for Targeted Drug Delivery. Biomimetics. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8070543
Scholtz, B., Horváth, J., Tar, I., Kiss, C., Márton, I.J., 2022. Salivary miR-31-5p, miR-345-3p, and miR-424-3p Are Reliable Biomarkers in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020229
Sharma, A., Shambhwani, D., Pandey, S., Singh, J., Lalhlenmawia, H., Kumarasamy, M., Singh, S.K., Chellappan, D.K., Gupta, G., Prasher, P., Dua, K., Kumar, D., 2023. Advances in Lung Cancer Treatment Using Nanomedicines. ACS Omega. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04078
Siddique, S., Chow, J.C.L., 2022. Recent Advances in Functionalized Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162826
Singh, A., 2023. Recent Advancements in 3-D Printing in Medical Applications. INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem24845
Singha, S., Shao, K., Ellestad, K.K., Yang, Y., Santamaria, P., 2018. Nanoparticles for Immune Stimulation Against Infection, Cancer, and Autoimmunity. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b05950
Siyuan, W., Xiaozhi, L., Jialin, W., Wei, H., Liu, S., Zou, C., Song, J., Xia, L., Yilong, A., 2023. The Potential Mechanism of Curcumin in Treating Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis. International Journal of Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8860321
Subramaniam, N., Poptani, H., Schache, A., Bhat, V., Iyer, S., Sunil, H. V., Chandrasekhar, N.H., Pillai, V., Chaturvedi, P., Krishna, S.H., Krishnamurthy, A., Kekatpure, V., Kuriakose, M.A., Iyer, N.G., Thakkar, A., Kantharia, R., Sonkar, A., Shetty, V., Rangappa, V.B., Kolur, T., Vidhyadharan, S., Murthy, S.P., Kudpaje, A., Srinivasalu, V.K., Mahajan, A., 2021. Imaging Advances in Oral Cavity Cancer and Perspectives from a Population in Need: Consensus from the UK-India Oral Cancer Imaging Group. Journal of Head and Neck Physicians and Surgeons. https://doi.org/10.4103/jhnps.jhnps_10_21
Sun, T., Jiang, C., 2023. Stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems triggered by intracellular or subcellular microenvironments. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2023.114773
Thakur, V., Kutty, R.V., 2019. Recent advances in nanotheranostics for triple negative breast cancer treatment. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1443-1
Tomo, S., Miyahara, G.I., Simonato, L.E., 2019. History and future perspectives for the use of fluorescence visualization to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.10.005
Tran, Q., Maddineni, S., Arnaud, E.H., Divi, V., Megwalu, U.C., Topf, M.C., Sunwoo, J.B., 2023. Oral cavity cancer in young, non-smoking, and non-drinking patients: A contemporary review. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104112
Vandana, K., Kumar, V., Rathour, A., 2024. Advancements In Herbal-Nano Formulations : A Systematic Review 30, 11099–11109. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.4901
Venditti, I., 2019. Morphologies and functionalities of polymeric nanocarriers as chemical tools for drug delivery: A review. Journal of King Saud University - Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2017.10.004
Vicini, S., Bortolotto, C., Rengo, M., Ballerini, D., Bellini, D., Carbone, I., Preda, L., Laghi, A., Coppola, F., Faggioni, L., 2022. A narrative review on current imaging applications of artificial intelligence and radiomics in oncology: focus on the three most common cancers. Radiologia Medica. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-022-01512-6
Viglianisi, G., Polizzi, A., Grippaudo, C., Cocuzza, S., Leonardi, R., Isola, G., 2024. Chemopreventive and Biological Strategies in the Management of Oral Potentially Malignant and Malignant Disorders. Bioengineering. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11010065
Wang, X., Zhao, X., Zhong, Y., Shen, J., An, W., 2022. Biomimetic Exosomes: A New Generation of Drug Delivery System. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.865682
Wei, Y., Cheng, X., Deng, L., Dong, H., Wei, H., Xie, C., Tuo, Y., Li, G., Yu, D., Cao, Y., 2023. Expression signature and molecular basis of CDH11 in OSCC detected by a combination of multiple methods. BMC Medical Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-023-01499-7
Yang, Cheng, Wu, Q., Liu, J., Mo, J., Li, X., Yang, Chengduan, Liu, Z., Yang, J., Jiang, L., Chen, W., Chen, H. jiuan, Wang, J., Xie, X., 2022. Intelligent wireless theranostic contact lens for electrical sensing and regulation of intraocular pressure. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29860-x
Zafar, N., Uzair, B., Menaa, F., Khan, B.A., Niazi, M.B.K., Alaryani, F.S., Majrashi, K.A., Sajjad, S., 2022. Moringa concanensis-Mediated Synthesis and Characterizations of Ciprofloxacin Encapsulated into Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3/CS Nanocomposite: A Therapeutic Solution against Multidrug Resistant E. coli Strains of Livestock Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081719
Zhang, Meilin, Du, Y., Wang, S., Chen, B., 2020. A review of biomimetic nanoparticle drug delivery systems based on cell membranes. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S282368
Zhang, Mingming, Liang, J., Yang, Y., Liang, H., Jia, H., Li, D., 2020. Current Trends of Targeted Drug Delivery for Oral Cancer Therapy. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.618931
Zhang, Z., Zhou, F.L., Davies, G.L., Williams, G.R., 2022. Theranostics for MRI-guided therapy: Recent developments. VIEW. https://doi.org/10.1002/VIW.20200134
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
