Extraction of Ibuprofen from Bougainvillea Campanulata and Its Method Development and Validation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2382Keywords:
Bougainvillea Campanulata, Ibuprofen, UV, TLC, Method developmentAbstract
Background: The extraction of ibuprofen from Bougainvillea campanulata and the creation and approval of a reliable technique for its separation and measurement are the main objectives of this investigation. This study will contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the use of plant-based sources for therapeutic compounds and set the stage for future research into Bougainvillea campanulata as a potential natural source of ibuprofen.
Aim: This work aimed to develop and evaluate a UV-visible spectrophotometric approach utilizing FTIR to accurately, precisely, and straightforwardly quantify the concentration of ibuprofen in an extract.
Material and Methods: In the experiment, methanol served as the solvent. It was determined that the drug's absorption maximum (λmax) was 265 nm. Beer's law was followed between 100 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml.
Results: A correlation coefficient of 1 and the equation y = 0.000023x signify that the approach exhibits linearity with respect to the given concentrations. The extract contained 7 µg/ml of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen extracted from Bougainvillea Campanulata flowers had recovery percentages between 85.9% and 87.6%. The intraday precision was 42.95%, while the interday precision was 51.35%, both quantified as relative standard deviation (RSD%). The quantification limit was 2.70 μg/mL, while the detection limit was 0.90 μg/mL. The method's robustness percentage ranged from 37.43% to 45.86% regarding relative standard deviations.
Conclusion: The proposed methodology was accurate, exact, and economical. This technique may effectively ascertain the methanol concentration in an extract obtained from bougainvillea flowers.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Tiwari, G., Gupta, M., Devhare, L. D., & Tiwari, R. (2024). Therapeutic and phytochemical properties of thymoquinone derived from Nigella sativa. Current Drug Research Reviews Formerly: Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 16(2), 145-156.
Mostafa, M. S., Radini, I. A. M., El-Rahman, N. M. A., & Khidre, R. E. (2024). Synthetic Methods and Pharmacological Potentials of Triazolothiadiazines: A Review. Molecules, 29(6), 1326.
Tiwari, R., Khatri, C., Tyagi, L. K., & Tiwari, G. (2024). Expanded Therapeutic Applications of Holarrhena Antidysenterica: A Review. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 27(9), 1257-1275.
Dincel, E. D., & Güzeldemirci, N. U. (2019). Discovery, Synthesis and Activity Evaluation of Novel Compounds Bearing 1, 2, 4-triazolo [3, 4-b][1, 3, 4] thiadiazine Moiety: A Review. Sağlık Bilimlerinde İleri Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 60-70.
Tiwari, G., Tiwari, R., & Kaur, A. (2023). Pharmaceutical Considerations of Translabial Formulations for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease: A Concept of Drug Delivery for Unconscious Patients. Current Drug Delivery, 20(8), 1163-1175.
Tiwari, R., Tiwari, G., & Parashar, P. (2023). Theranostics Applications of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. In Multifunctional And Targeted Theranostic Nanomedicines: Formulation, Design And Applications (pp. 361-382). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Tiwari, R., Tiwari, G., Mishra, S., & Ramachandran, V. (2023). Preventive and therapeutic aspects of migraine for patient care: An insight. Current Molecular Pharmacology, 16(2), 147-160.
Boraei, A. T., Ghabbour, H. A., Gomaa, M. S., El Ashry, E. S. H., & Barakat, A. (2019). Synthesis and anti-proliferative assessment of triazolo-thiadiazepine and triazolo-thiadiazine scaffolds. Molecules, 24(24), 4471.
Tiwari, R., & Pathak, K. (2023). Local drug delivery strategies towards wound healing. Pharmaceutics, 15(2), 634.
Tiwari, R., Tiwari, G., Sharma, S., & Ramachandran, V. (2023). An Exploration of herbal extracts loaded phyto-phospholipid complexes (Phytosomes) against polycystic ovarian syndrome: Formulation considerations. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 11(1), 44-55.
Tiwari, G., Chauhan, A., Sharma, P., & Tiwari, R. (2022). Nutritional Values and Therapeutic Uses of Capra hircus Milk. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 12(4).
Kaushik, D., Sardana, S., & Mishra, D. N. (2009). 5-fluorouracil loaded guar gum microspheres for colon delivery: preparation, characterization and in vitro release. Yao xue xue bao= Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 44(11), 1278-1284.
Deep, A., Kaur Bhatia, R., Kaur, R., Kumar, S., Kumar Jain, U., Singh, H., ... & Kishore Deb, P. (2017). Imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridine scaffold as prospective therapeutic agents. Current topics in medicinal chemistry, 17(2), 238-250.
Dincel, E. D., Akdağ, Ç., Kayra, T., Coşar, E. D., Aksoy, M. O., Akalın-Çiftçi, G., & Ulusoy-Güzeldemirci, N. (2022). Design, synthesis, characterization, molecular docking studies and anticancer activity evaluation of novel hydrazinecarbothioamide, 1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thione, 4-thiazolidinone and 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1268, 133710.
Jyoti, K., Pandey, R. S., Kush, P., Kaushik, D., Jain, U. K., & Madan, J. (2017). Inhalable bioresponsive chitosan microspheres of doxorubicin and soluble curcumin augmented drug delivery in lung cancer cells. International journal of biological macromolecules, 98, 50-58.
Kaushik, D., Sardana, S., & Mishra, D. N. (2009). In vitro cytotoxicity analysis of 5-fluorouracil loaded guar gum microspheres on HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res, 1(2), 83-4.
Indora, N., & Kaushik, D. (2015). Design, development and evaluation of ethosomal gel of fluconazole for topical fungal infection. International journal of engineering science invention research & development, 1(8), 280-306.
Kaushik, D., Kumar, P., & Sardana, S. (2015). Design development and evaluation of nanosuspension of azithromycin. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 7(5), 384-394.
Kaushik, D., Malik, J., & Sardana, S. Formulation and Evaluation of Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Nifedipine.
Kaushik, D., Sharma, K., & Sardana, S. (2016). Colon targeting guar gum microspheres of 5-aminosalicylic acid: evaluation of various process variables, characterization and in-vitro drug release. Cell, 91, 130-2221072.
Pippalla, S., Kumar, V., Nekkalapudi, A.R.(2024).A Novel, Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Assay and Organic Impurities of Pyridostigmine Bromide and Assay of Sodium Benzoate in Liquid Oral Formulation. Pharm Chem J 58, 1339–1347.
Avoseh ON, Ogunwande IA, Oshikoya HO. Essential oil from the stem bark of Casuarina equisetifolia exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities in rats. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022;58:e20735.
Almanassra IW, Khan MI, Chatla A, Atieh MA, Shanableh A. Utilization of palm leaves as an extraordinary adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) from an aqueous solution. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2022 Sep 1;271:206-19.
Avoseh ON, Giwa-Ajeniya A, Ogunwande IA. Toxicity, Anti-nociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Medicinal Plants from Nigeria. InEssential Oils (pp. 147-165). CRC Press.
Behera S, Ghanty S, Ahmad F, Santra S, Banerjee S. UV-visible spectrophotometric method development and validation of assay of paracetamol tablet formulation. J Anal Bioanal Techniques. 2012 Oct 31;3(6):151-7.
Moharana AK, Banerjee M, Panda S, Muduli JN. Development and validation of UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of mesalamine in bulk and tablet formulation. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011 Apr;3(2):19-21.
Shinde KP, Rajmane AD. A review UV method development and validation. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2023;13(2):122-30.
Sharma K, Agrawal SS, Gupta M. Development and validation of UV spectrophotometric method for the estimation of curcumin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res. 2012 Apr;4(2):375-80.
Dange YD, Honmane SM, Bhinge SD, Salunkhe VR, Jadge DR. Development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric method for estimation of metformin in bulk and tablet dosage form. Indian journal of pharmaceutical education and research. 2017 Oct 1;51(4S):S754-60.
Singh A, Avupati VR. Development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric method for the estimation of curcumin in standardised polyherbal formulations. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2017;9(4):491.
Desai SA, Khulbe P, Dange YD, Kadam S, Jaiswal M. Antioxidants-Rich Food Sources of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods. InAntioxidants as Nutraceuticals 2025 (pp. 265-281). Apple Academic Press.
Singh S, Mehta SP, Keservani RK, Keservani RK. Investigating Antioxidant and Antidepressant Potential of Methanolic Extract and its Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Prunus Persica Leaves on Rat Model. Cuestiones de Fisioterapia. 2025 Feb 20;54(4):1-3.
Edenta C, Ezeaku IN, Zainab A, John DF. Development and evaluation of nanoemulsion formulations for improved oral delivery of carvedilol. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2017; 2(1): 5-10.http://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v2i1.R2
Anwar W, Dawaba HM, Afouna MI, Samy AM.Screening study for formulation variables in preparation and characterization of candesartan cilexetil loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2019; 4(6):8-19.https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v4i6.330
Tungadi R, Jusuf H.Formulation and characterization of Astaxanthin Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2022; 7(3):8-11.https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v7i3.773
Islam MS, Uddin MI.Development and evaluation of microemulsion formulations of Lornoxicam. Universal Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch 2022; 7(6):35-38.https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v7i6.867
ShaheenESGE, Anwar W, Abu-ElyazidSK, AfounaMI. Development, screening and optimization of rosuvastatin loaded nano-structured lipid carriers for improved therapeutic efficacy. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2024; 9(5): 82-90.http://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v9i5.1212
Paliwal S, Kaur G, Arya KKR. Formulation and characterization of topical nano emulgel of terbinafine. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2018; 3(6): 28-34. https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v3i6.223
Sharma S, Sharma JB, Bhatt S, Kumar M. Method development and validation of UV spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of curcumin in simulated nasal fluid. Drug Research. 2020 Aug;70(08):356-9.
Kesharwani RK, Kumar P, Keservani RK, editors. The Nature of Nutraceuticals: History, Properties, Sources, and Nanotechnology. CRC Press; 2025 Mar 20.
Vidhi D, Patel P. Method development and validation of UV spectrophotometric estimation of remogliflozin etabonate in bulk and its tablet dosage form. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021;14(4):2042-4.
Panchabhai N, Jadhav H, Shelar SD, Sukhia A, Gujarathi NA, Keservani RK. Nutraceutical Antioxidants In The Prevention And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus. InAntioxidants as Nutraceuticals 2025 (pp. 225-262). Apple Academic Press.
Balekundri A, Ahire ED, Surana KR, Keservani RK, Kshirsagar SJ. Role of Physical Exercise in Overall Metabolic Health and Body Recomposition. InBody Recomposition 2025 (pp. 417-426). CRC Press.
Sharma N, Saini D, Kesharwani RK, Gupta PC, Keservani RK, editors. Advances in flavonoids for human health and prevention of diseases. CRC Press; 2024 Jan 9.
Dinesh Kaushik, Satish Sardana, DN Mishra (2009), 5-fluorouracil loaded guar gum microspheres for colon delivery: preparation, characterization and in vitro release, volume 44, Issue 11, pages 1278-1284.
Preeti Nashier, Kavita Berwar, Dinesh Kaushik, Bharat Bhushan (2022), A Concise Review On Designing Of Dosage Forms in World Journal of pharmaceutical research, volume 11, Issue 16, pages 198-225.
Vivek, Dinesh Kaushik (2019), A review article on Silver nanoparticle: An Emerging technology in drug delivery review in EJPMR, volume 6, Issue 7, pages 583-591.
Satish Sardana Dinesh Kaushik, Jyoti Malik (2015), Formulation and Evaluation of Self Nanoemulsifing Drug Delivery System of Nifedipine in International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, volume 5, issue 4.
Shivani Sharma, Dinesh Kaushik(2023), To study the molecular docking of Omicron variant with several anti microbial drugs using autoDOCK tools in IAJPR, volume 13, issue 6, pages 940-966.
Bharat Bhushan Pankaj Kumar, Dinesh Kaushik(2022), A Descriptive review on vasicular drug delivery system: Sphingosomes in BJPMR, volume 7, issue 5, Pages 4031-4043.
Arman Dalal, Dinesh Kaushik, Saroj Jain(2022), Invasomes: A Novel Deformable Vesicular Nanocarrier For Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery in British Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, volume 7, issue 5, pages 4044-4059.
Tharmaraj Vairaperumal,a Dhakshnamoorthy Vellingiri,b P.K. Hemalatha,c Kuppusamy Kanagarajc,* Book Project: 3D Printing of Carbon-based Materials (Publisher: Elsevier/ELSA) 2.3D Printing of Carbon-Based Materials Applications in Architecture and Construction (Invited on Elsevier/ELSA).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
