Development and optimization of efinaconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: Enhanced antifungal efficacy and skin penetration for topical treatment of superficial fungal infections
Keywords:
Efinaconazole, Drug delivery, Central Composite Design, Cytotoxicity, NanoformulationsAbstract
The broad-spectrum topical triazole antifungal agent efinaconazole (EFI) has poor bioavailability because it demonstrates limited water solubility combined with inadequate persistence and penetration through the skin. This research studied nanostructured lipid carriers containing efinaconazole (EFI-NLCs) for developing an evaluation of their characteristics and antifungal properties in vitro investigations. The researchers manufactured EFI-NLCs through high-pressure homogenization while evaluating their characteristics via PDI analysis, zeta potential measurement, EE% determination, SEM imaging, thermal analysis and FTIR spectroscopy evaluation. Scientists conducted tests for in vitro drug release as well as antifungal susceptibility assessment and cytotoxicity analysis. The research showed that EFI-NLCs contained nanosized dimensions together with distributed particles and possessed a desirable zeta potential complemented by encapsulation efficiency at 85%. SEM micrographs confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles exhibited spherical geometries with uniform distribution of their shapes. The FTIR spectrum indicated that EFI had no destructive chemical reactions with any of the excipients used. Drug diffusion from the NLC formulation showed a substantial rise based on drug release pattern analysis. EFI-NLC gels successfully passed stability tests which demonstrated maintained physical stability aspects at acceptable boundaries. These tests established low toxicity measurements together with superior antifungal properties against strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus species. A software-based Central Composite Design (CCD) with Design-Expert enabled the optimization process for concentration of surfactant (%), concentration of total lipid (%) and time of homogenization (minutes). The optimization process used three response variables to find the best characteristics for the EFI-NLC formulation. The evaluation indicated that EFI-NLC gel shows encouraging qualities for treating superficial fungal skin infections topically.
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