The Role of Astaxanthin in Stabilizing Aortic Plaque during Temporary Aortic Cross-Clamping: A Literature Review

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular disease marked by lipid accumulation in the arterial walls, leading to plaque formation, which significantly contributes to cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. One of the key events in atherosclerosis is the destabilization of plaques, often exacerbated by mechanical interventions such as aortic cross-clamping, a common technique used during cardiovascular surgeries. This review explores the potential role of astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant, in stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques, particularly in high-risk surgical procedures involving aortic cross-clamping. Astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant, may stabilize plaques by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation—few key contributors to plaque vulnerability during aortic cross-clamping.. Recent studies have shown that astaxanthin can reduce oxidative damage in endothelial cells, decrease the formation of foam cells, and prevent lipid oxidation, which are all pivotal in stabilizing plaques. Moreover, astaxanthin’s ability to inhibit key inflammatory pathways, such as the NF-κB signaling pathway, further supports its potential in reducing plaque vulnerability. Research, including animal models and clinical trials, suggests that astaxanthin not only reduces plaque size and inflammation but also improves endothelial function, thus promoting vascular health. These findings suggest that astaxanthin could be a beneficial adjunct in the management of atherosclerosis, especially in patients undergoing procedures that risk plaque destabilization, such as aortic cross-clamping. The therapeutic application of astaxanthin may offer a complementary approach to current medical strategies, with the potential for reducing the incidence of embolic events and enhancing post-surgical recovery. Further clinical studies are needed to fully establish its efficacy and safety in human populations.