Effect of Melia azedarach on the Crystal Formation of In Vitro Models of Urolithiasis

Abstract

Melia azedarach L, also known as Chinaberry tree, is a Southeast Asian plant with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and insecticidal properties. It contains bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. Recent studies have shown that extracts from Melia azedarach L have anticancer properties and antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicinal system, has been practiced for thousands of years. Melia azedarach Linn, also known as mahanimba, is used for its anthelmintic, antilithic diuretic, emmenagogue, astringent, and stomachic properties. Research has demonstrated their ability to dissolve kidney stones, improve kidney function, and alleviate discomfort associated with urolithiasis. The current study aimed to assess the effectiveness of both plants in laboratory methods for urolithiasis by using a crystal nucleation assay at dosages of 0.1 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml. Methanolic extract of Melia azedarach exhibited a notable increase in the rate of crystal nucleation compared to Aqueous extract of Melia azedarach. This implies that Methanolic extract of Melia azedarach may have a stronger ability to promote crystal formation in a solution. The cause of this phenomenon can be ascribed to the chemical makeup of Methanolic extract of Melia azedarach, which perhaps includes substances that improve nucleation processes. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis was conducted on 10-50 mg of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals generated during the crystal nucleation experiment. The analysis confirmed the existence of oxalate ions and calcium ions within the crystal structure. The investigation revealed that Methanolic extract of Melia azedarach exhibited the highest level of crystal aggregation (56%) at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml, but Sample Aqueous extract of Melia azedarach demonstrated the most crystal aggregation (79%) at the same concentration. Aggregation had a positive correlation with the dosage administered. This study aimed to examine the impact of Methanolic extract of Melia azedarach Linn and Aqueous extract of Melia azedarach on crystal nucleation assay at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/ml. The experimental findings demonstrated a substantial increase in the rate of crystal aggregation when Gs were compared to As. The results indicated that Sample SS exhibited the highest level of Crystal Aggregation (56%) at a concentration of 1000 g/Ml compared to the standard (Cystone -75.19% at a concentration of 1mg/Ml). On the other hand, Sample AS demonstrated the highest level of Crystal Agglomeration (79%) at a concentration of 1000 Ml. Additionally, Sample AS successfully verified the existence of oxalate ions and calcium ions within the CaOx crystal lattice.